8 10 101 https://mirrorofrace.bc.edu/files/original/859e81567acb683dd400b030d6d466eb.jpg 4fe839bf3f9b4a4fd856b4a8a931383b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Abolitionists Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Exhibition Name Name of the exhibition in which the item appears Abolitionists Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Carte de visit, albumen print Factual Commentary Factual Commentary Frederick Douglass sat for this portrait by S. M. Fassett of Chicago around 1870, after the exhausting work he did during the Civil War to support the Union cause and to recruit African American regiments to fight. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Figure 2 Title A name given to the resource Frederick Douglass Subject The topic of the resource Frederick Douglass Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource S. M. Fassett (Chicago) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1870 Type The nature or genre of the resource Studio Portrait Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Greg French Collection https://mirrorofrace.bc.edu/files/original/7377ec92a84719cd24f6bc9f6fcad5c2.tif a2132deb7a8a07cd2b31a751200201d2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Abolitionists Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Exhibition Name Name of the exhibition in which the item appears Abolitionists Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Daguerreotype, sixth plate (2.75 x 3.25 inches) Factual Commentary Factual Commentary This is the earliest know portrait of the great American orator and abolitionist, Frederick Douglass (1818-1895), taken around 1845, probably shortly after the publication of his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Douglass devoted his energies to civil and human rights, advocating the abolition of slavery, founding newspapers to support the cause, recruiting African American regiments during the Civil War to fight for the Union, and serving the government after the war as ambassador to Haiti. Douglass believed in photography as medium of persuasion and sat for his portrait often. The next two slides show him later in life. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Figure 1 Title A name given to the resource Frederick Douglass Subject The topic of the resource Frederick Douglass Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1845 Type The nature or genre of the resource Studio Portrait Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Greg French Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource photographer Unknown Photographer Photographer https://mirrorofrace.bc.edu/files/original/41c9553201716ef16e386cf7779fc70f.jpg 768bdf8182f1ece626358dca50b5b8f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Violence Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Exhibition Name Name of the exhibition in which the item appears Violence Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Daguerreotype Factual Commentary Factual Commentary This boy, perhaps 10 years old, holds a toy gun. It is rare to find early photographs of children with guns, and even rarer with toy guns. But in contrast to the previous image, which is unusual in showing a black man with a gun, what is not unusual here is the implied context, one in which white boys would expect to grow up in a world where guns were the mark of manhood and power. For this boy, the power of the gun was assumed as a birthright, if here only in play. But play can make the man. Play is how we learn our roles. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Figure 9 Title A name given to the resource Boy with toy gun Subject The topic of the resource Boy with toy gun Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1850 Type The nature or genre of the resource Studio Portrait Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Gregory Fried Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Photographer Photographer https://mirrorofrace.bc.edu/files/original/6ac6adbf045a7fcb6cfc39c65d77d737.jpg 1100565062f972e13e1198310078a7be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Violence Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Exhibition Name Name of the exhibition in which the item appears Violence Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Carte de visite (albumen print) Factual Commentary Factual Commentary This photograph shows the third Ku Klux Klan outfit and weapons captured on the night of October 31, 1868, after the raid on Huntsville, Alabama. The previous slide shows the other two. The success of the raid itself in breaking up a politidal meeting, that the local white authorities would not cooperate with the Federal troops but instead let the captured KKK men go, shows how easily the KKK could operate with impunity to murder without consequences and terrorize free Blacks so as to reestablish white supremacy after the Civil War. Violence trumped law, and when Reconstruction failed, Jim Crow laws finished the process that terrorist violence had begun: to reestablish a system of racial dominance after a brief period of hope for equality. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Figure 6 Title A name given to the resource Man in Ku Klux Klan uniforms Subject The topic of the resource Man in Ku Klux Klan uniforms Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robinson and Murphy (Hunstville, Alabama) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1868 Type The nature or genre of the resource Studio Portrait Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Greg French Collection https://mirrorofrace.bc.edu/files/original/8842cec36a52745fe93090f5fb816748.tif 248a1fe60b2ebfb2a22f655abe3ccf02 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Violence Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Exhibition Name Name of the exhibition in which the item appears Violence Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Tintype Factual Commentary Factual Commentary This photograph seems on the surface to describe an opposite social dynamic from the previous one of the mock lynching, because here it is the black man who holds a gun, a large Remington revolver. Outside of Civil War images, it is quite are to find photographs of African Americans holding weapons in this early period. But just as the previous image of the lynching is a visual joke, something done only in “play,” we might well wonder if this is an in-joke image, too, with the reversal of power relations as what is supposed to be funny. The black man with the gun is surrounded by white men, and the man at the right has his arm around his shoulder, grinning, as if in on the joke. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Figure 8 Title A name given to the resource Four men and a revolver Subject The topic of the resource Four men and a revolve Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1885 Type The nature or genre of the resource Studio Portrait Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Greg French Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Photographer Photographer https://mirrorofrace.bc.edu/files/original/c0da68ae8c2ada2e20eefea46dcfa9a2.tif 0d7e24d1234c41e98c501291bd0fd22c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Violence Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Exhibition Name Name of the exhibition in which the item appears Violence Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Carte de visite (albumen print) Factual Commentary Factual Commentary Amateur theatricals, where family or friends would put on their own plays, were a popular form of entertainment in the latter part of the 19th century, and groups would often commemorate their performances with a photograph. In this one, the player act out a lynching, with the African American on the left being hanged by the neck with a rope while one of the party holds a gun to him; even the photographer, Otto Giers, sits in his own photograph at the far right — holding the rope. This seems all in fun, but one must remember the horrific context: in the world of Jim Crow after the end of Reconstruction, even minor infractions of the racial norms that enforced white supremacy could result in the public murder, usually without any legal consequences for the killers. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Figure 7 Title A name given to the resource Amateur theatrical scene, with mock lynching Subject The topic of the resource Amateur theatrical scene, with mock lynching Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource W.G. Thuss, Emil Kollein, and Otto Giers (Nashville, Tennessee) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1880 Type The nature or genre of the resource Studio Portrait Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Greg French Collection https://mirrorofrace.bc.edu/files/original/adffd9197f6dbe74a2306eac1f0ba1b1.jpg 3fd00ba2ffa4e13976cbffc8a7486527 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Violence Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Exhibition Name Name of the exhibition in which the item appears Violence Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Carte de visite (albumen print) Factual Commentary Factual Commentary On the night of Oct. 31, 1868, approximately 150 armed men in Ku Klux Klan regalia rode into Huntsville, Alabama to break up a meeting of the Republican Party and to terrorize the Blacks of the city, who had been free since the Emancipation Proclamation and the Union victory in the Civil War. The KKK shot and killed a judge and two African American men. That night, Federal troops captured three of the KKK men and confiscated their robes. In this photo, Federal soldiers wear the robes and show the confiscated weapons to record the practices of the KKK. The jailers in Huntsville simply let go the three captives, who rearmed, took back their horses by force, and left town. For an account of the Huntsville raid and other KKK activity, see the <a href=”http://archive.org/stream/reportofjointcom00alab/reportofjointcom00alab_djvu.txt“ target=” _blank”=””>1868 report</a> of the Joint Committee on Outrages. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Figure 5 Title A name given to the resource Men in Ku Klux Klan uniforms Subject The topic of the resource Men in Ku Klux Klan uniforms Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robinson and Murphy (Hunstville, Alabama) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1868 Type The nature or genre of the resource Studio Portrait Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Greg French Collection https://mirrorofrace.bc.edu/files/original/f04d5aabd9a8d56270f9cd3c78c2f680.tif 6147d41bd1db0c600220a3fd43cb26b6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Violence Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Exhibition Name Name of the exhibition in which the item appears Violence Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Carte de visite, albumen print Factual Commentary Factual Commentary Wilson Chinn, who escaped from slavery during the Civil War, poses here with the instruments of bondage and punishment used on slaves, both to restrain their movement and to terrify them. Chinn participated in a series of such photographs in part to help educate people about the violence involved in the system of slavery. As one of the measures of control employed on Chinn, his former master branded him with the initials VBM, for Volsey B. Marmillion, a sugar planter in the New Orleans area. More images from series of former slaves may be seen on the Mirror of Race website in the special exhibition entitled “Slaves in Black and White.” Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Figure 3 Title A name given to the resource Wilson Chinn Subject The topic of the resource Wilson Chinn, a branded slave from Louisiana Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Myron H. Kimball (New York) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1863 Type The nature or genre of the resource Studio Portrait Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Greg French Collection https://mirrorofrace.bc.edu/files/original/cc0e2f7b65b35b0477888fa0e84de871.jpg ddc85b1762ab9a7d523a7422538d4d32 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Violence Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Exhibition Name Name of the exhibition in which the item appears Violence Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Ambrotype Factual Commentary Factual Commentary This young man is a new recruit in the famous 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Starting in 1863, nearly 200,000 free African Americans, as well as those who escaped from slavery during the war, served in the Union Army and fought in the Civil War. Abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass argued for allowing them into the army: “Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters US, let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder, and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on earth or under the earth which can deny that he has earned the right of citizenship in the United States.” Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Figure 4 Title A name given to the resource Union soldier Subject The topic of the resource Union soldier Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1863 Type The nature or genre of the resource Studio Portrait Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Greg French Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Photographer Photographer photographer https://mirrorofrace.bc.edu/files/original/0d9da12d82b5855178a3bfeda9c0f1de.jpg b4e59f9bf68b61dc02aaaa2d842b6b52 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Violence Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Exhibition Name Name of the exhibition in which the item appears Violence Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Hand colored glass slide copy of a carte de visit Factual Commentary Factual Commentary Gordon was the victim of a whip such as the one held by Abraham in the previous slide. When Gordon (the only name we have for him) escaped from a master in Mississippi, he made his way to the Union Army lines in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in April, 1863. The condition of his back was was discovered by an army surgeon when Gordon underwent a medical examination to enter the Union Army, which he did. So shocking was Gordon’s condition that this portrait was made; it became widely distributed in the United States and abroad and was the subject of a story in Harper’s Weekly. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Figure 2 Title A name given to the resource The Scourged Back Subject The topic of the resource “The Scourged Back” (Gordon) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource McPherson and Oliver (New Orleans) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource original carte de visit, 1863; slide copy, 1891 Type The nature or genre of the resource Studio Portrait Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Joan Gage Collection